Learned Helplessness

Learned failing is a psychological country that occurs when an individual believes or expects that his behavior will have no effect on the moment of a situation. There ar three concepts that are central to this theory; they are contingency, cognition and behavior. Contingency denotes the tier of the relationship between a behavior and outcome. Cognition refers to the suasion process that is behind the belief or expectation of the outcome and behavior is defined as the coping process by which outcomes are prevented or avoided. Once larn helplessness occurs, there are significant effects that it has on emotions, motivation and learning.

        A number of studies were done, including those done by Seligman and Maier that showed that when behavior has little or no control over the outcome, the organism enters a psychological state where there is no motivation, where the ability to learn crude behaviors is severely limited or eliminated entirely and an emotional state (i.e., anxiety, depression) occurs.

        Criticism of learned helplessness theory included the particular that results were not always consistent; that many life events in which individuals have no control do not lure learned helplessness and no explanation was offered as to wherefore most people who showed signs of depression related to learned helplessness also suffered from low self-esteem.



Other explanations were offered, including that people are incite not to act when they sense that reacting will only consider matters worse. Another explanation dealt with physiological changes in the level of norepinephrine in an individual exhibiting signs of learned helplessness.

        In the reformulated model of learned helplessness there must be a unique(predicate) set of conditions that occur before the effects of learned helplessness are seen. That is, that an attribution must be supposeed as internal, immutable and uncontrollable before learned helplessness occurs. Individuals must view the...

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