In the field of classify dynamics, Janis (1972) has recognised that a particular conspiracy of group characteristics can cause disastrous decisions: he labels these characteristics and their outcomeas groupthink, delineate as a deterioration of mental efficiency and moral discretion that results from in-group pressures (Janis, 1972). From his archival studies of some recent American government decisional fiascos, Janis pitch a set of conditions which created an atmosphere causing poor decision-making; although in that respect has been very little research since Janis proposed his theory, both theoretical and realistic issues arise from it.
One disastrous decision that Janis studies was the invasion of Cubas Bay of Pigs in 1961, which he describes as the perfect failure. The advisory group contained the brightest and about able people in the USA, yet all their radical assumptions were incorrect; for example, they assumed that the Cuban airforce was weak and unable(p) despite losing half of their American bombers to them. Similar examples can be found in Europe: the decision by Britains home(a) Coal Board to ignore warning about a possible coal tip slide in Aberfan, Wales, in order to save time and money, resulted in the 1966 tragedy of hide the local school and decimating an entire community. Decision such as this, argues Janis, can be explained by groupthink.
It is important to recognise the author conditions of groupthink.
The most important is a high level of group cohesiveness: the mebers are attracted to each other and to the group goal, and reveal concurrence-seeking tendencies, or the desire to maintain the atmosphere of the group by agreeing with the common view. The more insulated from outside influences the group is, the more liable(predicate) it is to suffer from groupthink, because there is little opportunity for members to hear and deal the views of impartial outsiders, who...
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